Causes of Abdominal Pain

Abdominal pain can result from issues in the digestive system, organs within the abdominal cavity, or even systemic conditions. It may be classified as acute, chronic, localized, or diffuse, depending on the nature and duration of the discomfort.

1. Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) – IBS is a functional gastrointestinal disorder characterized by chronic abdominal pain, bloating, and changes in bowel habits, such as diarrhea or constipation. While the exact cause of IBS is not fully understood, it may involve gut-brain interaction disturbances, heightened sensitivity to intestinal activity, or alterations in gut microbiota.
2. Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) – GERD occurs when stomach acid frequently flows back into the esophagus, causing symptoms like heartburn, regurgitation, and upper abdominal pain. This condition is often associated with a weakened lower esophageal sphincter.
3. Peptic Ulcers – Ulcers in the stomach lining or the first part of the small intestine (duodenum) can cause burning or gnawing abdominal pain. These ulcers are commonly caused by Helicobacter pylori infection or prolonged use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).
4. Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) – Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis are chronic inflammatory conditions of the digestive tract that can cause significant abdominal pain, diarrhea, weight loss, and fatigue. These autoimmune conditions involve an inappropriate immune response to intestinal bacteria.
5. Gallstones – Gallstones are solid deposits in the gallbladder that can block bile flow, causing sharp, localized pain in the upper right abdomen. This pain, known as biliary colic, often occurs after consuming fatty meals.
6. Pancreatitis – Inflammation of the pancreas, either acute or chronic, leads to severe abdominal pain that may radiate to the back. Causes include gallstones, alcohol use, or high triglyceride levels.
7. Diverticulitis – When small pouches (diverticula) in the colon become inflamed or infected, they can cause left lower abdominal pain, fever, and changes in bowel habits.
8. Celiac Disease – This autoimmune disorder is triggered by gluten ingestion, leading to inflammation in the small intestine. Symptoms include abdominal pain, diarrhea, bloating, and malabsorption of nutrients
9. Infections
10. Gastroenteritis – Commonly known as the stomach flu, gastroenteritis results from viral or bacterial infections, causing diffuse abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea.
11. Appendicitis – Acute inflammation of the appendix typically causes sharp pain starting around the navel and moving to the lower right abdomen. Appendicitis often requires surgical removal of the appendix.
12. Foodborne Illnesses – Consuming contaminated food or drinks can lead to food poisoning, characterized by cramping, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea.
13. Stress and Anxiety – Psychological stress can manifest physically as abdominal pain due to the gut-brain connection. Anxiety may also exacerbate existing gastrointestinal conditions like IBS.
14. Cancer – Abdominal pain can occasionally indicate malignancies, such as stomach, colon, pancreatic, or liver cancer. Persistent, unexplained pain warrants thorough investigation.

At Rockford Gastroenterology Associates, our approach to diagnosing abdominal pain involves a detailed patient history, physical examination, and advanced diagnostic tools. Tests may include:

• Laboratory Work: Blood, urine, and stool tests to detect infections, inflammation, or other abnormalities.
• Imaging Studies: Ultrasound, CT scans, or MRI to visualize organs and detect structural issues.
• Endoscopic Procedures: Techniques like colonoscopy or upper endoscopy to directly examine the gastrointestinal tract and identify potential causes. 

Abdominal pain can range from mild and transient to severe and life-threatening. If you experience persistent or worsening symptoms, fever, blood in stool or vomit, or an inability to eat or drink, it is essential to seek medical attention promptly.